CKAD Resources

Here I will document some of my actions for the CKAD certification preparation.

Kubernetes Cluster

To exercise you can create an AWS cluster or Google Cloud one, but they may be costly. You can also create your own cluster using virtualbox. I have created a vagrant based project here to easily create a cluster with a master node and n worker nodes (default = 2).

Courses

To prepare for the certification I followed two courses:

LFD259 at the linux foundation This course has the certification included (with re test if needed)
Kubernetes for Developers (LFD259) with practice tests at Udemy A very nice video based course with a kodekloud exercise place.

Tips and tricks

Practice for speed! Speed is what you need...
Use commands as much as possible (dry-run) to save time.
basic stuff from memory like volume mounts (emptyDir / persistentVolumeClaim)
Apply the context command provided at every question!
Read carefully
To save time you can use variables and aliases to make commands easier and faster to type:

# Create and source the kubectl autocomplete script
source <(kubectl completion bash)
#setting the namespace (just do this one again for another namespace if needed)
export NS=default
# You will do dry runs often and now you can just type $DR in stead of the whole thing
export DR='--dry-run=client -o yaml'
# use k to run the kubectl command in the exported namespace. Saves typing
alias k='kubectl -n $NS'
# Now get code completion on the 'k' commands
complete -F __start_kubectl k

These commands are also on the allowed kubectl Cheat Sheet if you want to cut and paste them.
if you want to do a dry-run you can now just add $DR to your command... saves a lot of typing.
I forgot the first command (source <(kubectl completion bash)) assuming it was already there and that hindered me quite a bit as I got error messages on cli completion.
- the assumption stemmed from KodeKloud and KataCode where it was already sourced in.
- Don't assume :-)
by just changing DR=db you are now running on that namespace
- Remember to change this back!!!
- Don't do this if you do not feel comfortable with it... practice

So...

Show

# if you want a dry-run to get the yaml
k run nginx --image=nginx --port 80 $DR >nginx.yml

# doing commands on another namespace
export NS=others
#use 'k'  as you would normally
#don't forget to go back to the default ns again or use the fully qualified
#kubectl command if just for one command (default ns is default :-))
export NS=default

be sure to learn basic vi and adjust the ~/.vimrc to accommodate what is needed for yaml manipulation

echo 'set ts=2 sts=2 sw=2 et'>~/.vimrc
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1878974/redefine-tab-as-4-spaces
# tabstop=2
# softtabstop=2
# shiftwidth=2
# expandtab (makes them into spaces)

replace tabs with spaces in vi (important for copy paste actions)

# while in the vi editor in command mode
:%s/\t/  /g
#      ^^ are two spaces
#search for tabs and replace them with two spaces

Proctor stuff

Stuff I had a bit of trouble with to show the proctor.

Showing my walls and stuff because my laptop has only short lines to monitors and power and streaming gets lost when decoupled... stressful.
I had an error on creating a service and that took too long to fix
not having code completion on tab broke my concentration
- this was because I had assumed source <(kubectl completion bash) had already been provided therefore I had no completion when gave the complete -F __start_kubectl k command. It gave an error
- every time I used tab to complete I received an error, and I had to type everything myself which I was not used to.
- easily fixed by going to the allowed kubectl Cheat Sheet but forgotten by me at the moment of exam.

Certification day preparation checklist

Passport / Second ID
Go to the restroom
Clear browser history
Phone on do not disturb and put it away
Bottle of clear water (without label)
Cabled internet or very reliable WiFi
Clean desktop of everything except keyboard and mouse
Close all applications except chrome
- Check in the task manager (cmd+option+esc on macOS)
- Don't forget applications like 'Alfred, docker, Dropbox, NordVPN' and other background / Cloud applications
Stop notifications on your computer (Do Not Disturb)
Charge your keyboard / mouse before the exam
Stop unwanted browser extensions for the duration of the exam
Make sure you can show all walls and your desktop with your webcam without having to decouple from internet.
Have the exam page ready
- have the pre-checks been done?

kubernetes.io Bookmarks / Favorites

For the certification you are allowed to have the kubernetes docs open in an extra tab in your browser. It is very advisable to create shortcuts for every topic.

here are the ones I used.

You can import them into the browser by:

Opening Chrome > Bookmarks > Bookmarks Manager
Click on the three dots in the upper right corner and choose Import bookmarks
navigate to the k8s_favorites.html from this project and import them
they will appear in the Imported folder of your bookmarks bar.
I sorted them on topic.
Reorganise as needed :-)

Other resources

Exercises

below some exercises not in the exam style but to give you practice in speed and agility. These are challenges I gave myself to practice. I tried to make them more challenging as I went along and to time myself.

Exercise 01: Create a database setup with admin panel

give node worker1 the label db=allow
Create a persistent volume with access mode ReadWriteMany in the home folder of your user called mysql-data with 200Mi space
In the db namespace do:
- Create a volume claim for the same amount called mysql-pvc claiming persistent volume mysql-data
- Configure a secret called db-secret containing MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD with value s3cr3t
- Create a multi-container pod with a mysql and a phpmyadmin image
  - mysql:
    - env: called 'MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD' bound the db-secret
    - port: 3306
    - image: ivonet/mysql:5.7.29
    - mount the persistent volume claim called mysql-pvc on /var/lib/mysql and subPath dbdata
    - this pod must only be deployed on a node with the label db=allow
  - phpmyadmin:
    - image: phpmyadmin
    - environment variables
      - PMA_HOST = <the name of the mysql image>
      - PMA_PORT = <the port of the mysql image>
      - MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD = <the value of the secret called db-secret>
      - port: 80
  - expose the phpmyadmin port to outside the cluster on port 32000
Prove that it works by going to a browser tab an going to the http: //<your_cluster_ip here>:32000 and log in with the credentials root and password s3cr3t

Solution - cli

source <(kubectl completion bash)
export DR='--dry-run=client -o yaml'
export NS=default
alias k='kubectl -n $NS'
complete -F __start_kubectl k

# label node worker1
k label nodes worker1 db=allow
# create the needed folder on the needed worker (worker1)
# I assume you are using my vagrant setup
ssh 192.168.10.111 
mkdir mysql-data
exit

Create PersistentVolume ( copy example)

apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: task-pv-volume
  labels:
    type: local
spec:
  storageClassName: manual
  capacity:
    storage: 10Gi
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteOnce
  hostPath:
    path: "/mnt/data"

change it to:

apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: mysql-pv
  labels:
    pv: mysql-pv
spec:
  storageClassName: manual
  capacity:
    storage: 200Mi
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteMany
  hostPath:
    path: "/home/vagrant/mysql-data"

# a PersistentVolume is not bound to a contect
k create -f pv.yml
#or if aliased
kc pv.yml 
# create namespace db
k create ns db
# set ns to db
export NS=db
# Create a PVC
# https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/storage/persistent-volumes/#persistentvolumeclaims

change the pvc.yml to:

apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: mysql-pvc
  namespace: db
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteMany
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 200Mi
  storageClassName: manual
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      pv: mysql-pv

the namespace is not needed as you will be creating it within the namespace

kc pvc.yml
# check if bound
k get pv,pvc
NAME                        CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   RECLAIM POLICY   STATUS   CLAIM          STORAGECLASS   REASON   AGE
persistentvolume/mysql-pv   200Mi      RWX            Retain           Bound    db/mysql-pvc   manual                  3m51s

NAME                              STATUS   VOLUME     CAPACITY   ACCESS MODES   STORAGECLASS   AGE
persistentvolumeclaim/mysql-pvc   Bound    mysql-pv   200Mi      RWX            manual         3m51s

# Create the secret
k create secret generic db-secret --from-literal=MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=s3cr3t
# check
k get secret db-secret -o yaml
# or more specific
k get secret db-secret -o jsonpath='{.data}{"\n"}'
{"MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD":"czNjcjN0"} 

# create the base yaml for the multi pod
k run mysql --image=ivonet/mysql:5.7.29 --port 3306 --env=MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=todo $DR>db.yml
# then env part needs to be changed to the secret
# https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/#using-secrets-as-environment-variables (copy paste)
# the phpmyadmin needs to be added etc
# edit it mysql.yml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  labels:
    run: mysql
  name: mysql
  namespace: db
spec:
  affinity: # Add the node affinity db=allow
    nodeAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        nodeSelectorTerms:
          - matchExpressions:
              - key: db
                operator: In
                values:
                  - allow
  containers:
    - name: mysql-pod
      image: ivonet/mysql:5.7.29
      ports:
        - containerPort: 3306
      env:
        - name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
          valueFrom: # Change the 'value: todo' to these lines (https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/configuration/secret/#using-secrets-as-environment-variables)
            secretKeyRef:
              name: db-secret
              key: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
      imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent # I added this because I got blocked after pulling to much by docker
      volumeMounts:
        - name: db-data
          mountPath: /var/lib/mysql
          subPath: dbdata
      resources: { }
    - name: phpmyadmin-pod # add this whole part based on the former part with
      image: phpmyadmin
      ports:
        - containerPort: 80
      env:
        - name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: db-secret
              key: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
        - name: PMA_HOST
          value: mysql  # note that the host here must be the same as the .metadata.name
        - name: PMA_PORT
          value: "3306"
  restartPolicy: OnFailure
  volumes: # assign the pvc
    - name: db-data
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: mysql-pvc

# create it
kc db.yml
# check it
k describe po mysql
# and
k get po
NAME    READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
mysql   2/2     Running   0          5m36s
# expose it in a service
kdr expose pod mysql  --port 80 --type=NodePort >svc.yml
# change it to...

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: null
  labels:
    run: mysql
  name: mysql
  namespace: db
spec:
  ports:
    - port: 80
      protocol: TCP
      nodePort: 32000
  selector:
    run: mysql
  type: NodePort
status:
  loadBalancer: { }

curl -q http://192.168.10.100:32000 should give a html result.
try it in the browser and log in with the given creds...

Solution - mostly yaml

# label node worker1
kubectl label nodes worker1 db=allow

# create the needed folder on the needed worker (worker1)
# I assume you are using my vagrant setup
ssh 192.168.10.111  #worker1
mkdir mysql-data
exit

mysql-setup.yml:

---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: db
  namespace: default
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolume
metadata:
  name: mysql-pv
  labels:
    pv: mysql-pv
spec:
  storageClassName: manual
  capacity:
    storage: 200Mi
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteMany
  hostPath:
    path: "/home/vagrant/mysql-data"
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
  name: mysql-pvc
  namespace: db
spec:
  accessModes:
    - ReadWriteMany
  volumeMode: Filesystem
  resources:
    requests:
      storage: 200Mi
  storageClassName: manual
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      pv: mysql-pv
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
data:
  MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD: czNjcjN0
metadata:
  name: db-secret
  namespace: db
type: Opaque
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  labels:
    run: mysql
  name: mysql
  namespace: db
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        nodeSelectorTerms:
          - matchExpressions:
              - key: db
                operator: In
                values:
                  - allow
  containers:
    - name: mysql-pod
      image: ivonet/mysql:5.7.29
      ports:
        - containerPort: 3306
      env:
        - name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: db-secret
              key: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
      imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
      volumeMounts:
        - name: db-data
          mountPath: /var/lib/mysql
          subPath: dbdata
      resources: { }
    - name: phpmyadmin-pod
      image: phpmyadmin
      ports:
        - containerPort: 80
      env:
        - name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: db-secret
              key: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
        - name: PMA_HOST
          value: mysql
        - name: PMA_PORT
          value: "3306"
  restartPolicy: OnFailure
  volumes:
    - name: db-data
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: mysql-pvc
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  labels:
    run: mysql
  name: mysql
  namespace: db
spec:
  ports:
    - port: 80
      protocol: TCP
      nodePort: 32000
  selector:
    run: mysql
  type: NodePort

# Get it working
kubectl create -f mysql-setup.yml
curl http://192.168.10.100:32000

try it in the browser and log in with the given creds...

Exercise 02: change 01 by...

changing the master node so that it also can schedule pods
extracting the multipod to two single pods
making sure the phpmyadmin will only be deployed on a node that has label handles=stateless
label master to handle stateless applications
fix all errors
don't let the phpmyadmin become ready until mysql can be found on 3306

Show

#allow pods on master
kubectl taint node master node-role.kubernetes.io/master-
# label it
kubectl label node master handles=stateless
# Delete the old service
kubectl -n db delete svc mysql
# expose the mysql pod to the phpmyadmin pod
kubectl expose pod mysql --port 3306 --name=mysql-service --namespace=db
# change the old svc.yml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  labels:
    run: phpmyadmin
  name: phpmyadmin-service
  namespace: db
spec:
  ports:
    - port: 80
      protocol: TCP
      nodePort: 32000
  selector:
    run: phpmyadmin
  type: NodePort

#create the service
kubectl -n db create -f svc.yml
# create a barebones pod def for phpmyadmin
kubectl -n db run phpmyadmin --image=phpmyadmin --port=80 --dry-run=client -o yaml>php.yml
# Now copy the container part for phpmyadin from from db.yml to php.yml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  labels:
    run: phpmyadmin
  name: phpmyadmin
  namespace: db
spec:
  affinity: # only on nodes that handle stateless
    nodeAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        nodeSelectorTerms:
          - matchExpressions:
              - key: handles
                operator: In
                values:
                  - stateless
  containers: # replaced with data from the db.yml
    - name: phpmyadmin-pod
      image: phpmyadmin
      ports:
        - containerPort: 80
      env:
        - name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: db-secret
              key: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
        - name: PMA_HOST
          value: mysql-service # note this host needs to change to the mysql-service as it is not in the same pod anymore
        - name: PMA_PORT
          value: "3306"
      imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  initContainers: # Used an initContainer for the readiness check as the nc command is not available in the phpmyadmin image
    - name: init-mysql
      image: busybox
      command: [ 'sh', '-c', 'until nc -zvw3 mysql-service 3306; do echo waiting for mysql; sleep 2; done;' ]
      imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
  restartPolicy: OnFailure
  volumes:
    - name: db-data
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: mysql-pvc

Details initContainer command:

nc: It’s a command.
z: zero-I/O mode (used for scanning).
v: For verbose.
w3: timeout wait seconds
mysql-service: Destination system dns
3306: Port number needs to be verified.

# first delete the old setup of the multipod
kubectl -n db delete -f db.yml
# now create the php
kubectl -n db create -f php.yml
#it should stay in the init state
# see logs if the initContainer
kubectl -n db logs phpmyadmin -c init-mysql
waiting for mysql
waiting for mysql
waiting for mysql
waiting for mysql

# Remove the phpadminb part from db.yml

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  labels:
    run: mysql
  name: mysql
  namespace: db
spec:
  affinity:
    nodeAffinity:
      requiredDuringSchedulingIgnoredDuringExecution:
        nodeSelectorTerms:
          - matchExpressions:
              - key: db
                operator: In
                values:
                  - allow
  containers:
    - name: mysql-pod
      image: ivonet/mysql:5.7.29
      ports:
        - containerPort: 3306
      env:
        - name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: db-secret
              key: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
      imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
      volumeMounts:
        - name: db-data
          mountPath: /var/lib/mysql
          subPath: dbdata
  restartPolicy: OnFailure
  volumes:
    - name: db-data
      persistentVolumeClaim:
        claimName: mysql-pvc

kubectl -n db create -f db.yml
kubectl -n db get po,svc -o wide
# both containers should become READY
NAME             READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE     IP                NODE      NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
pod/mysql        1/1     Running   0          2m12s   192.168.235.129   worker1   <none>           <none>
pod/phpmyadmin   1/1     Running   0          6m57s   192.168.219.76    master    <none>           <none>

NAME                         TYPE        CLUSTER-IP       EXTERNAL-IP   PORT(S)        AGE   SELECTOR
service/mysql-service        ClusterIP   10.97.164.232    <none>        3306/TCP       63m   run=mysql
service/phpmyadmin-service   NodePort    10.102.219.202   <none>        80:32000/TCP   72m   run=phpmyadmin
# phpmyadmin is running on master (handles=stateless label)
# db is running on worker1 (db=allow label)
#done

check in browser: http://192.168.10.100:32000 USR:root PWD:s3cr3t

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CKAD Resources

Kubernetes Cluster

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Certification day preparation checklist

kubernetes.io Bookmarks / Favorites

Other resources

Exercises

Exercise 01: Create a database setup with admin panel

Exercise 02: change 01 by...

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Exercises

Exercise 01: Create a database setup with admin panel

Exercise 02: change 01 by...

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